Pinot noir (IPA:
['pi.no nw.ar]) is a red
wine grape variety of the species
Vitis vinifera. The name may also refer to wines produced predominantly from Pinot noir grapes. The name is derived from the french words for "pine" and "black" alluding to the varietals' tightly clustered dark purple pine cone-shaped bunches of fruit.
Pinot noir grapes are grown around the world, mostly in the cooler regions, but the grape is chiefly associated with the
Burgundy region of
France. It is widely considered to produce some of the finest wines in the world, but is a difficult variety to cultivate and transform into wine.
Pinot noir thrives in France's
Burgundy region, particularly on the
CĂ´te-d'Or which has produced some of the world's most celebrated wines for centuries. It is also planted in
Austria,
Argentina,
Australia,
Canada,
Chile, the
Republic of Georgia,
Germany,
Hungary, the
Republic of Macedonia,
Moldova,
New Zealand,
South Africa and
Switzerland. The United States has increasingly become a major Pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from the
Willamette Valley in
Oregon;
California's
Sonoma County with its
Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast appellations, as well as the Central Coast's Santa Lucia Highlands appellation and the
Sta. Rita Hills American Viticultural Area in Santa Barbara County. In New Zealand, it is grown in
Martinborough,
Waipara, and
Central Otago.
The leaves of Pinot noir are generally smaller than those of
Cabernet Sauvignon, but larger than those of
Syrah. The grape cluster is small and cylindrical, vaguely shaped like a
pine cone. Some viticultural historians believe this shape may have given rise to the name. Pinot noir tends to produce narrow trunks and branches. In the vineyard it is sensitive to light exposure, cropping levels (it must be low yielding), soil types and pruning techniques. In the winery it is sensitive to fermentation methods, yeast strains and is highly reflective of its
terroir with different regions producing very different wines. Its thin skin makes it highly susceptible to
bunch rot and other fungal diseases. The vines themselves are prone to
downy mildew, leaf roll, and
fanleaf. These complications have given the grape the reputation of being difficult to grow:
Jancis Robinson calls Pinot a "minx of a vine" and
André Tchelistcheff declared that "God made Cabernet Sauvignon whereas the devil made Pinot noir."
However, Pinot wines are among the most popular in the world. Joel Fleischman of
Vanity Fair describes Pinot noir as "the most romantic of wines, with so voluptuous a perfume, so sweet an edge, and so powerful a punch that, like falling in love, they make the blood run hot and the soul wax embarrassingly poetic." Master Sommelier Madeline Triffon calls pinot "sex in a glass". Peter Richardsson of OenoStyle christened it "a seductive yet fickle mistress!"
The tremendously broad range of
bouquets, flavors, textures and impressions that Pinot noir can produce sometimes confuses tasters. In the broadest terms, the wine tends to be of light to medium body with an aroma reminiscent of black
cherry,
raspberry or
currant. Traditional red Burgundy is famous for its fleshy, 'farmyard' aromas, but changing fashions and new easier-to-grow clones have favoured a lighter, fruitier style. The grape's color when young, often compared to that of
garnet, is often much lighter than that of other red wines. However, an emerging style from California and New Zealand highlights a more powerful, fruit forward and darker wine that can approach syrah in depth.
It is also used in the production of
Champagne (usually along with
Chardonnay and
Pinot meunier) and is planted in most of the world's wine growing regions for use in both still and sparkling wines. Pinot noir grown for dry table wines is generally low-
yielding and often difficult to grow well. Pinot noir grown for use in sparkling wines (e.g. Champagne) is generally higher yielding.
In addition to being used for the production of sparkling and still red wine, Pinot noir is also sometimes used for
rosé still wines, and even
vin gris white wines.